介词
介词不在句中独立作成分,其后一般接名词、代词或动词-ing形式,还可接不定式(如except,but)或从句,有时也可接一个介词短语(如fromamongthetrees)。
一、介词的分类
1.从结构上看,介词可分为:
(1)简单介词,如at,by,for,in,of,on,over,up。
(2)合成介词,如inside,into,throughout,within。
(3)以-ing结尾的介词,如concerning,following,including,regarding。
(4)短语介词,如accordingto,becauseof,inregardto,insteadof。
2.从词义看,常见的介词有下列几种:
(1)表示时间,如at,before,between,during,on,since,until。
(2)表示地点,如across,behind,near,off,towards,under,up。
(3)表示原因,如dueto,for,with。
(4)表示让步,如despite,inspiteof。
(5)表示条件,如butfor,incaseof,without。
(6)表示手段、方式,如by,in,with。
(7)其它,如against,asfor,of。
二、介词与动词、名词和形容词的搭配
1.动词+介词,如comeacross,consistof,lookafter,resultfrom,stickto,waitfor。
2.名词+介词,如devotionto,doubtabout,interestin,struggleagainst。
3.介词+名词,如bychance,indebt,onpurpose。
4.介词+名词+介词,如bymeansof,onbehalfof,inspiteof,intermsof。
5.形容词+介词,如confidentin,differentfrom,fondof,goodat,satisfiedwith。
用适当的介词填空。
1.Whilerunningregularlycan’tmakeyouliveforever,thereviewsaysitismoreeffectiveatlengtheninglife________walking,cyclingorswimming.
2.Cornuseslesswater________riceandcreateslessfertilizer(化肥)runoff.
3.Ifyouarenotgoingtosufferthisproblem,thenIsuggestthatthenexttimeyougotoyourmum’shome________dinner,getafewcookingtipsfromher.
4.Thistr,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)________amethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintedsideeffects
5.Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfull-timebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegree________engineeringorarchitecture.
Key:1.
代词
一、代词概述
代词可分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词。
1.人称代词不仅指人,也可指物,有人称和数的变化。
2.物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
3.反身代词在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语。如:
Nancycutherselfwhileshewaschoppingvegetables.
Bobisnotquitehimselftoday.
Didyouwanttotalktothechairmanhimself,orcouldhispersonalassistanthelpyou?
4.指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示“这个(些)”、“那个(些)”。常用的指示代词有this,that,these,those。
5.不定代词可分为两类:
a.
,any,both,none,either,neither,all,one,each,many,much,another,other,more,most,few,little等。
6.相互代词只有eachother和oneanother两个。
7.疑问代词是用来进行提问、构成特殊疑问句的词,如who,whom,whose,what,which。
8.连接代词是用来引导名词性从句的词,如who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever。
9.关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which等。
二、易混代词辨析
1.one,ones,that,those,it
2.both,either,neither,each,all,none
both表示两者都;either表示两者中的任何一个;neither表示两者都不;each表示两者或两者以上的每一个;all表示全部,指三者或三者以上的人或物,也可笼统地表示“一切,所有”;none表示三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定。如:
OxfordisnotfarfromStratford,soyoucaneasilyvisitbothinaday.
—Wouldyoulikethemetalorplasticone?
—Eitherwilldo.
Theyproducedtworeports,neitherofwhichcontainedanyusefulsuggestions.
Therearefourbedrooms,eachwithitsownshowerandWC.
Hewastoldtopackupallofhislettersandpersonalbelongings.
Wehavethreesonsbutnoneofthemlivenearby.
3.another,other,theother,others,theothers
another指不确定数目中的另一个;other指别的人或物;theother指两者中的另一个;others=other+名词,泛指别的人或物;theothers指一定范围内其余的人或物(如果被指代的名词是不可数名词,则用therest)。如:
Wouldyoulikeanothercupoftea?
OtherpeoplemaydisagreebutIfeelthewholethinghasgonefarenough.
Thesetrousersaredirty—You’dbetterwearyourotherpair.
Youmaycontinueontheothersideofthepaper.
Youshouldn’texpectotherstodoyourworkforyou.
Ican’tdothefourthandfifthquestionsbutI’vedonealltheothers.
,orfedtocows.
4.much,many,(a)few,(a)little
在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
1.Ifyouaretimepoor,youneedrunforonlyhalfthetimetogetthesamebenefitsasothersports,soperhapsweshouldallgive________atry.
2.WhenthegorillasandIfrightenedeachother,Iwasjustgladtofind________(they)alive.
3.ManywesternerswhocometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheap________canbetoeatout.
4.“ShethoughtIhadhurt________(I),”saysPahlsson.
5.Onmyrecentvisit,Iheldalivelythree-month-oldtwinthathadbeenrejectedby________(it)mother.
Key:1.
数词
数词主要包括基数词、序数词和分数词。基数词是表示数目多少的数词,序数词是表示先后顺序的数词,分数词由基数词和序数词构成。
一、基数词
1.dozen,score,hundred,thousand,million,billion等前有具体数字或several,afew等修饰时,一般用单数;它们的复数形式常后接of短语,表示不确切数目。如:
Imakeninehundreddollarsaweek.
Imusthavementionedhimdozensoftimesinmyletters.
2.表示年岁时,用“inone’s+逢十的基数词的复数”,如inherfifties。
3.表示年代时,用“inthe+逢十的基数词的复数”。基数词的复数若用阿拉伯数字表示,可直接加s,也可加’s,如inthe1950s/1950’s。
二、序数词
1.序数词前通常要加定冠词the或形容词性物主代词,如thethirdfloor,myfirstvisittoNewYork。
2.序数词前也可加不定冠词,表示“再一个,又一次”。如:
Youreallyoughttomakethemostoftheopportunity,becauseyouwon’tgetasecondchance.
三、分数词
1.分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示;除分子为1的情况外,序数词都要用复数形式。如:1/3onethird2/5twofifths
2.“分数/百分数+of+名词/代词”作主语时,谓语动词的数与名词或代词的数保持一致。如:
Onethirdofthesejobsareheldbywomen.
About50percentofhisworkistodesignprogrammes.
介词、代词、数词专项练习
I.用适当的介词完成下面短文。
A
________,2.________example,(圆鼓鼓的)pillowsonhissideofthegreat,wide,________________,naturally,________,whenshearose,shepickeditup6.________________twopillowsonhissideofit,8.________usual.
B
DearGordon,
Manythanks1.________agreeingtostayintheflatwhileI’,MrsJohnsonintheflat2.________’saway,thelandlordlives3.________thebuildingatthe4.________’scalledLaurelVilla,andhe’’llbetherewhileI’maway.
Theelectricityandg________’’’sstuck6.________’llhaveagoodtime.
Muchlove,
Shirley
II.选用方框内合适的代词填空(每个代词限用一次)。
1.Onmydeskisaphotothatmyfathertookof________whenIwasababy.
2.,making________thedriestyearsinceCaliforniabecameastatein1850.
3.Moneyisn’t________becausetherearesomepeopleinyourlifethatmattermore.
4.IwishIcouldofferyousomecakebutthere’s________left.
5.Manypeopleexpressedconcern,but________werewillingtohelp.
6.She’dlivedinLondonandManchester,butsheliked________andmovedtoCambridge.
7.Allthekidsinthisclasshavelearningdifficultiesofonesortor________.
8.Insomecountries,peopleeatwithchopsticks,whilein________,knivesandforks.
9.Thosewhosmokeheavilyshouldremind________ofhealth,thebadsmellandthefeelingsofotherpeople.
10.Atourfactorythereareafewmachinessimilarto________describedinthismagazine.
11.________wantstostayintheEuropeanUnionmusthaveachildwiththenationalityofoneoftheEUmemberstates.
12.It’saneither-orsituation—wecanbuyanewcarthisyearorwecangoonholidaybutwecan’tdo________.
III.用适当的代词完成下面对话。
Jerry:Doyouthinkthatwesptoomuchonspaceexploration?
Eric:Well,________________seemsthat3.________ismoreimportant________isdifficulttounderstandthisbecauseeverycountryintheworldhasitsproblemsandhaspoorpeoplethatneedtobelookedafterbecausetheycan’tlookafter5.________.So,yes,Idothinkthatthesecountriesshouldlookafterpeoplefirstbefore6.________starttryingtosmentothemoon!Therearetoomanyotherproblemshereonearththatweneedtosortout.
IV.将两栏中的语句搭配成完整的句子。
A
1.Hehasn’
2.
3.I’
4.She’
5.He’
6.I’
B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
V.根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子(每空一词)。
1.________________________(每三年),scoresofstudentsfromtheforeignlanguageschoolaresenttoBritaintolearnEnglish.
2.Nearly________________(四分之三)oftheEarth’ssurfaceiscoveredwithwater.
3.Everydayinthecity________________________________(三百多万人)goshoppingontheInternet.
4.Early________________________(在二十世纪七十年代)noonehadanyideathatthewomanwouldbecomeamillionairebyplantingflowers.
5.Mygrandpalookedquitehealthythoughhewas________________________(七十多岁了).
6.Accordingtotherules,ifyouare________________________________(十八岁以下),youaren’tadmittedintotheclub.
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